Home
Possibly two of the most misunderstood people in the world, or maybe just the most famous couple in the world. Maybe that's why they are so misunderstood. They are blamed by some for the way the world is now. Yet they may have had the closest relationship with YHWH before .... well before things went wrong. But they are our distant parents, our ancestors.
But what can we learn from our parents? What can we see about their lives that would teach us, their children, to lead better lives, maybe do them proud?
Who are these people anyway?
The creator started something that was enormous in our eyes. He made the heavens and the earth. He formed the light, the oceans, the skies, the land, the fishes, the plants, the animals, the sun, and the moon and stars. Everything that is mundane yet miraculous in our world he made. All in seven days as well! What took him so long? (sarcastic grin!) And on the sixth day he did something a little different.
And Deity said; Let us make mankind in our image like our likeness and Deity created mankind. He created him in the image of Deity. He created them, male and female.
Unlike the rest of the animal kingdom, humanity is made in the image of Deity. He even gave us dominion over the world. For me that's a scary thought. The world's a big place, and looking at humanity now, I'm scared if we're in charge. But the Almighty entrusted us with the responsibility of being stewards in his world.
Anyway, before I carry on with that, I have a question. How can someone who has no form make us in his image and resemblance? How do we resemble the Creator? Look at Deut 4:15-19. This is the creator telling his people to be careful, because when he revealed himself to them, they saw no form/shape. Because of this he says not to make any representation of him, NOT EVEN THE FORM OF A HUMAN.
So in what way are we in the image of YHWH, or according to his likeness?
In Hebrew the word for "image" in Gen 1:26 is "tselem". Brown Driver Briggs Abridged Hebrew Lexicon says it means "image, resemblance". Strongs Dictionary says it comes from an unused root meaning to shade, it means a phantom, an illusion, hence a representative figure, especially an idol.
In Hebrew, the word for "likeness" is "damuth". Most sources say it means resemblance.
With YHWH having no form, we cannot take this concretely. So the question is again, how can we view this "image" quandary?
Knowing that YHWH doesn't have a form, we can see that likeness and image refer to some resemblance or common traits that we share with YHWH. It is also noticeable that none of the animal kingdom has this "image", so it is a distinguishing trait that separates man from the animals. I did a bit of research on this and found a website that showed about 10 jewish approaches to this that gave a whole lot of insight (http://www.aishdas.org/articles/image.htm). I believe what is logical is that since YHWH has not physical image, then any resemblance we have to him is in our non-physical traits. The fact that in the same verse (Gen 1:26), the Almighty gives man charge over his earthly creation could demonstrate the idea that the traits that YHWH gave to man gives him the ability to correctly steward creation.
One of the insights that I found most useful was the one that I will now quote.
"4. Nachmanides (Ramban) in his Commentary to the Torah (Genesis ad. loc.) understands the plural of "Let us make", "our image", and "our likeness" as referring to both G-d and the Earth. G-d had the Earth form the human body while He formed the human soul to insert into the body. This soul, the "ruach", is the likeness and image of G-d."
Correlating this with the other approaches, I believe it is possible to see the way in which we are different from the animals. I believe it is the intellect, or potential intellect that lies within each person which makes them the image of Elohim. It is that intellect that causes us to communicate is a way much more intricate way than the animals, that causes us to build and be creative like our creator. Look at our cities, the social and technological and medical development of man. We now have the ability to study every animal species and almost replicate what they do technologically. It is that potential intellect and creative element, linked with our emotional make-up and possibly our moral make-up too, that makes us the image of the Almighty, that gives us the link with him that causes us to want to get closer to him, to worship him and explore his world. It can be seen that this potential intellect involves every man, and it develops with age and experience. It even lies hidden and dormant or locked inside the mentally ill or in a baby or an old person which makes us ALL the image of YHWH. Plus no matter how old or mature we are, we can always reach higher and develop more in him.
Since Adam was created fully mature with a lot of information already integrated into him, he had a big advantage to all of us. He must have had that information to already have a relationship with YHWH from the beginning of his life.
Although the explanation above offers some nice insight into the use of the plural, it should be noted that the following verse it states that it was just made in YHWH's image, not YHWH's and the earth's image. That would be a valid counterpoint against that notion.
I believe it can be seen that Adam and Chawwah described in Genesis 2 and 3 were the same ones described in Gen 1:26 because of its similarities with chapter 5:1-2.
Gen 1:26,27 Deity said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." Deity created man in his own image. In Deity's image he created him; male and female he created them.
Gen 5:1,2 This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that Deity created man, he made him in Deity's likeness. He created them male and female, and blessed them, and called their name Adam [mankind/humanity], in the day when they were created.
This would make it that rather than chapter 2 of Genesis being a contradictory creation story to Genesis 1, it would be a focus on the creation of man on the sixth day and the story from then on. It will be explained a bit more as we move from the blessing of man on creation week to the next chapter of his life in the Garden of Eden.
We enter the part of Genesis that focuses on the world of man. The universe as a whole had been dealt with in Gen 1:1-2:4. But now we see a more focused picture of the creation of man and woman.
The author of Genesis was pretty smart in realizing that there was no organized agriculture before man came on the picture, which is evident from what he says in the next verses.
Gen 2:5,6 No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh, Deity, had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground, but a mist went up from the earth, and watered the whole surface of the ground.
The Hebrew word for "field" is "sadeh" and it includes the meaning "cultivated ground" and it logically flows into the following phrase that "there was no man to till the ground" (cf. Gen 3:18). These verses do not refer to the universal creation of plants, but just the plants that come from man's cultivation. But then YHWH creates man, blowing breath into a frame of dust, thus making man a living breathing being (Gen 2:7), and places the man where he can be of use: a garden set at the east of Eden, and there and there alone YHWH caused trees grow for man's preservation, good-looking and bearing edible food (v.8-9).
Now was man just put there to be idle and live doing absolutely nothing but eating and hedonistically enjoying the garden? No, he had a purpose there. He was to "work it and guard it" or "work at it, and preserve, keep, and cultivate it".
I understand there may be dangers in making huge doctrines from narratives, but I believe it is possible to derive lessons from the narratives nevertheless. Is man meant to be lazy and do nothing? Does it give a person pleasure and true purpose to put no work into life and his surroundings? I think here we may see that, in order for man to rule and subdue the planet and for him to have purpose, he must have something to work on, where he makes a positive difference to his surroundings. I've been indoctrinated by watching the films of the Matrix. Purpose is very important. What use does a person have if there is no purpose? In the previous chapter and in this one we can see that man did and does have a purpose: to keep in order, to work on, to preserve, to guard his surroundings.
Then man receives another command from YHWH. In this garden, the creator had caused all the trees of edible fruit to grow. But amongst those he causes to grow the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (and the tree of life). Upon this, he says:
Gen 2:16,17 Yahweh Deity commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it: for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die."
So man could not eat of that specific tree. We'll deal with the full implication of the possible punishment later, but we can see that man wasn't only supposed to guard the garden, but he was also supposed to guard himself from transgressing or disobeying the word of the creator.
Isn't that just like life today? We not only have take care of the stuff we have in our possession, but we also have to take care of ourselves. It may seem basic, but some of the easiest lessons to learn are the easiest to forget.
Then the wisest being ever says the one of the most profound things.
Gen 2:18 Yahweh Deity said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him."
For all the individualism in our modern world, in the root of our creation it was made obvious that it is not good thing for a man to be alone. Just like the writer of Ecclesiastes says,
Ecc 4:9-12 Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their labor. For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow; but woe to him who is alone when he falls, and doesn't have another to lift him up. Again, if two lie together, then they have warmth; but how can one keep warm alone? If a man prevails against one who is alone, two shall withstand him;
The later words, "a helper suitable for him" can also be translated "a helper corresponding to him". It is normally translated with the connotation of being "like" "corresponding" or "suitable".
It would surprise a lot of people (it surprised me when I first saw it) that YHWH didn't automatically create woman after that statement. What he does is he creates each animal of the field and bird of the sky and brings them to man in order for man to give them a name [once again, notice that this is not a universal creation but just enough to be brought to the man in order for him to name them]. Man goes through each animal and bird and names each one (not including marine life), but the last phrase in verse 20 is most telling.
Gen 2:20 The man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; BUT FOR MAN THERE WAS NOT FOUND A HELPER SUITABLE FOR HIM.
So the Almighty was playing the dating game, in a way. For animals, the man gained enough experience of them to know their nature and call them by that. But the aim was to find a helper for him. I guess it kinda goes against the well-known phrase "the dog is man's best friend". I think even the dog was found wanting here. I guess the principle found amongst this goes against the behaviour of bestiality. Adam himself went through enough to see that animals are not a suitable helper for man.
With that fact ascertained, the Almighty then knocks the man out. Yes, in the first piece of surgery known or recorded in the created universe, the master surgeon takes a rib from man under this divine anaesthetic, and from his rib he makes a masterpiece, as the man will realize after he wakes up.
Gen 2:23 The man said, "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. She will be called Woman (ishshah), because she was taken out of Man (iysh)."
He knew he had met his match, his counterpart. This woman was part of him, coming from him. So after all the "dating", the man had found his perfect mate, companion and helper.
Gen 2:24 Therefore a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join with his wife, and they will be one flesh.
This appears to be an editorial by the writer of this text. I guess he may have been a romantic. Or maybe I'm a romantic and I'm putting my ideas into the text. But I notice that it doesn't says that a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join A woman, but HIS woman. The way that Adam saw that this woman was part of him, bone of his bones, flesh of his flesh, it was HIS woman, it should be comparable to how each man join with HIS woman, not just any-any woman. I wonder what that says about adultery.
Anyway, enough with the romance! This is the basis of marriage. Man and woman come together to form a unity, "forsaking all others". The phrase "one flesh" can be interpreted a variety of ways, three of which are: the unity between the two people forming a union, thus a "spiritual" union; the two come together in sexual intercourse and that way becoming one in the way a man fits with a woman; and two coming together to become one flesh in the way they make a baby, thus two people make one flesh.
I think it would be wise to point out that the whole flow of the chapter points to the idea that man's counterpart, his suitable help, is a woman. That not only excludes sexual relations with the animal kingdom, it excludes same-sex sexual relations as well. I'm not going to make a law out of this narrative, but I believe the principle can be seen that man and woman belong together, not man and man, and not woman and woman. That is the natural order.
We come to another chapter in this history of man. After the Almighty had made things so well, so nice, man . Well, lets just keep going along and see what we can learn.
Man was innocent. He could look at his naked wife and not be ashamed. She could look at him too and feel the same way (now that has to be the greatest miracle of creation - just joking!). But one of the most cunning animals in the garden decided to stick his oar in, and attempt to mess things up. This was the snake.
Now the serpent decides to ask a question to Chawwah.
`Indeed, is it that Deity has said, You shall not eat of every tree of the garden?'
Now look at Chawwah's response.
Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat, but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, Deity has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.
Now compare that to what Deity actually said.
Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it: for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die.
Now look at what Yahweh said and ask yourself if he said anything about not being able to touch the tree.
We don't know if Adam actually added this himself, or if Chawwah thought of this addition herself, but it definitely didn't help the situation. Think of it this way. If the woman really thought to herself that she wouldn't be able to touch the tree or else she would die, and then she touches the tree or its fruit and doesn't die instantly, it just takes another small step to thinking "if I can touch it and not die, then surely I can eat it and not die".
Now the serpent said:
You won't surely die, for Deity knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like Deity, knowing good and evil."
Did he lie? Yes and no. He was right if he was implying that actual death wouldn't come instantly. He was definitely right that she would become like deity, being aware of good and evil since YHWH himself backs it up in verse 22. But he was deceptive in making it seem as though there was no death penalty for this disobedience.
Unfortunately, the woman bought it. She looked at that tree, wanted to be wise and liked the look of the fruit and ate of it. Worse yet, she shared it with her husband. One has to wonder what possessed the man to share in his wife's error. Was it misplaced love that blinded him to his own experiences with the Creator? Was he deceived into thinking that since his wife had touched the tree and not died immediately that she was right and it was ok to eat the fruit, despite what Deity had told him? We may never know.
There should be at least a little warning in this passage even if it is based on interpretation rather than actual textual evidence. You may take it with a pinch of salt. This interpretation is based on the idea that Chawwah or Adam added the command not to touch the tree and YHWH didn't say it. It is dangerous to add to the commands of Yahweh, and give those additions the same authority as Yahweh's word. That prohibition is both in the Torah (Deut 4:2; 13:1 [12:32 in Christian versions, actually may be better placed]), and in the Writings (Proverbs 30:5,6). Yahweh's word comes first. If you add to it, give it authority equal to YHWH's own word, and then break your own addition, it may appear to you as though you've broken YHWH's command when you haven't. There is a chance that it may even lead you to break YHWH's real command since you see no consequence when you broke your own addition.
When the man and the woman ate of the tree, their eyes were opened. I believe these words are very profound. A kind lady opened my eyes to what this could really mean and gave some insight into what it meant to have the knowledge of good and evil.
Instead of translating the Hebrew word "da'at" as "knowledge", she showed that the word could also be understood as "awareness". That made me think about what it means to have your eyes open. What were the man and woman now aware of after they had decided to disobey the creator? The very fact of disobedience! It could be like a floodgate of knowledge, where once you knew the right and proper way of handling things, but then all of a sudden you are aware of many different ways of using creation, using the things around you. I mean, I have a beautiful wife, and then I realize that she's naked. Mmm... what can I do with that nakedness? She's vunerable. Imagine how I could exploit that vunerability. I'm not saying that the man and woman became total evil, but their minds became more aware of the other side, and innocence mixed with curiosity can cause people to search places they were never meant to search. In this way, man and woman became aware of both good and evil. Lacking maturity, they could have not had the skills to handle that new knowledge, and so sin, wrong-doing, crept into the world, like blood dripping through a wound. The implications of this and the mercy that can be seen in the way YHWH dealt with it will be seen later.
Now this is one insight. I'm not saying it's right, or that it's the only way of thinking of things. It's just another idea. There are plenty out there on the net and in other resources.
Note: because of the lack of maturity, YHWH allowed them to die rather than give them the tree of life. Imagine the eternal torturous life of mankind slipping up and ruining himself. Surely it was mercy (as well as justice) that caused YHWH to prohibit man from eating of the tree of life.
So Adam and Chawwah had eaten from the forbidden tree, and in shame they covered their nakedness with fig leaves. They hid their bodies from one another.
But worse was yet to come.
Gen 3:8 They heard the sound of Yahweh Deity walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh Deity among the trees of the garden.
You can tell that man wasn't thinking straight or maturely. In immaturity they hide from their Father, the authority figure. In fear, they hear his coming and flee to the shadows. Rather than humbly and knowledgeably confronting the person who they had disobeyed, like children they know nothing better than to simply hide.
Now don't get the impression that I think we are better than them. Fear is a powerful force, and I see little evidence that humanity, on a whole, has made leaps forward in maturity. But we need to learn from the experience of our parents.
So what causes us to hide from our responsibilities? Mostly fear, I'd say. Fear that it may all be too much. Fear that the consequences are too much. Fear of the cost. Fear of being revealed when there is such "security" in obscurity. Burying our heads in the sand doesn't make things better. And it didn't really make things better for the two criminals in hiding.
But YHWH, the loving father, most likely knowing where they are, seems to try to allow them to own up by asking the sort of questions that leave room for a person to do that (own up).
"Where are you?"
"Who told you that you were naked?"
"Have you eaten of the tree I told you not to eat of?"
As loving as YHWH is, to man he is still an awesome figure, a person that inspires both reverence and fear. How can dust look at eternity and not be shaken to its very core? Upon superficially acknowledging his fear, and making it plain that he knew he was naked, he does what comes best to a whole lot of us. He blames someone else for the wrong. He even seems to insinuate that it may have been YHWH's fault.
"The woman that YOU put with me, she gave me of the tree and I did eat." (Emphasis mine)
How mature. Let's see if the woman does any better.
"The serpent beguiled me and I did eat"
I hope she wasn't doing that thing that women do when they've been caught. They say that they didn't know what they were doing and someone else led them to do the horrible things they can do.
I guess either sentence from the man and the woman can be spun to make them look evil as evil can be. The man's inability to accept the blame! The woman's great manipulation skills! But then at least they both admitted "and I did eat". How humble that was, we may never know.
The snake gets his curse. It looses its legs and has to crawl about on the ground, "eating dust". Whether this is a literal statement or a statement meaning something akin to living in humiliation, I'm not sure. In our modern age we have the phrase "eat the dirt" with the implications of being forced into a humiliating position. And dust did still have the meaning of humiliation even in the ancient days. So it could be figurative. But it could be more literal. Being so low, I wouldn't be surprised if some snakes/serpents did eat the dust or at least lick it a whole lot.
Also the snakes and humanity will generally have enmity, with the snakes biting at human heels, and humans crushing snakes' heads.
But what about the man and the woman?
The woman is cursed to a more painful and laborious childbirth. She shall still crave for the man, but as the woman led in deceiving her husband, her husband would lead (rule over) her. The perfect balance within a woman was broken.
For the man, life became a whole lot more difficult, and that's even without women (just joking). Because he listened to his wife rather than YHWH, the ground is cursed because of him. Where plants used to grow more easily, now thorns and thistles and weeds would choke the life out of the works of his hands. His job of getting food from the ground would be more laborious. In the Hebrew, the same word is used for the woman's laborious childbirth as it is for when it says "in SORROW you (the man) shall eat of it for the rest of your life". And after all that toiling and sweating for work, mankind shall return to the dust.
The ground and the life that mankind should have dominated and subdue would rebel against him.
What can we see from this is that there is a blessing in work, and that there is a curse in work. Work is what we were made for. But now there is a sting in the tail because of man's sin.
It should also be noted that man is dust. The Almighty never said, "You are dust and spirit". There is no suggestion that man continues his existence after his return to the dust. The breath of YHWH which gives man life appears to be, in this case, simply the spark of animation rather than the ambiguous "soul" many people think we all are or have. So when a man dies he becomes nothing. This is reflected in many verses.
Job 34:14,15 If he (YHWH) set his heart on himself, If he gathered to himself his spirit and his breath; All flesh would perish together, And man would turn again to dust.
Psa 6:4,5 Return, YHWH. Deliver my soul, And save me for your loving kindness' sake. For in death there is no memory of you. In Sheol, who shall give you thanks?
Psa 146:3,4 Don't put your trust in princes, in a son of man in whom there is no help. His breath [ruach] departs, and he returns to the earth. In that very day, his thoughts perish.
Psa 115:15-18 Blessed are you by YHWH, Who made heaven and earth. The heavens are the heavens of YHWH; But the earth has he given to the children of men. The dead don't praise Yah, Neither any who go down into silence; But we will bless Yah, From this time forth and forevermore. Praise Yah!
It can also be seen in Ps 30:9; 88:10; Eccl 3:19-22; 9:7-10; 12:7; Is 38:16-19.
This does not invalidate the biblical notion of a resurrection, but at least gives strong backing to the idea that the doctrine of a conscious "spiritual" existence someplace immediately after death or an immortal spirit/soul is not a view supported by Tanakh. So as Solomon says, make the most of this life and enjoy it (Eccl 3:12,13). Don't forget to be obedient (Eccl 12:13).
So our parents had wrecked it. Instead of living the eternal party with the Almighty, they were now living on borrowed time, which now had a payback time. The Almighty could have smashed them to pieces just then, or run them out of his garden hungry and naked. It would have been well within his rights. But we find that the depth of the Father's love is incredible.
After the man finds the time to name his wife (3:20, Chawwah because she's the mother of all living), the Almighty peels away the poor excuse for clothes they made themselves and clothes his disobedient creation.
Gen 3:21 And for Adam and his wife YHWH, Deity, made coats of skins, and clothed them.
It may not seem like much to some, but when we realize who YHWH is and his awesomeness, and his power, and his justice, and that he had every right to end the life of the man and the woman and thus mankind, and also his great elevated gloriousness, and then we look at how small man is and the feeble nature of clothes, we may have an idea of how amazing this scene is. It's like the king of a great country bowing down to clothe a humble dirty slave. Why on earth should he condescend himself to do that?!? What the proud may see as an indignity, the wise see as a glorious thing. What manner of love is this?
Then in the last verses of chapter 3 we see the greatest mercy that is hidden in judgment. The Almighty casts man out of his garden and leaves it protected by the mysterious cherubim and a flaming flying sword.
OK, so where's the mercy in that?
The reason why Yahweh cast man out is so that man wouldn't be able to get to the tree of life and live forever. Now note that this means that the punishment of man dying and returning to dust will now take effect. But why is this merciful?
Do you remember the possible meaning I gave to the "knowledge of good and evil" that I gave above? You may go back up and read it if you want. With the exposure to the knowledge of good and evil and the lack of maturity within humanity, what do you think would happen if man could live forever with that mix? Well, look at the world of Noah and the world now, and then add the factor of immature humans living forever. If there was such a thing as the Christian hell (like in Dante's Inferno), I think humans would have made it under those conditions. Although humans still have the capacity for good, evil seems like an avalanche that just starts off with a small snowball. Just like in the days of king Manasseh who shed innocent blood, sometimes it seems like the repentance of one man cannot turn the tide of evil and judgment, as can be seen by the fact that although Manasseh repented, because of past sins and the fact that the people of Israel would continue sinning, calamity would still come as inevitable as the effects of an avalanche.
That is not to say there is no hope. Yahweh has raised a good seed once. He can do it again. He can do anything, and can even bring about that wonderful renewed covenant where the law will be on the hearts of his people, Israel, and all nations will come to worship before him, like in Isaiah 66 and Ezekiel 37.
To me it is merciful that man must die. Although it is sad, it is probably the only way we can really see the need to change our ways. When we see a death, some (like me) may think of it as a mode of relief for the dead person, free from the pains of this life. But something else it should do is shock us by reminding us of our mortality and why we die, and make us pray more for the redemption of our world, of our fallen family of humanity. I'm not moved too much by the Christian message that redemption has already come with the world the way it is now. They just cause me to pray more that Yahweh would have mercy on us and cause his time of refreshing and renewal to come all the sooner.
It is merciful that we die in our immaturity. But I pray for the maturity that will cause another form of mercy to be shown in the true freedom of this world.
Let the whole world say, "His mercy endures forever".
What do you we see from this sad story, or at least my depiction of it? I'll tell you what I see.
I see the purpose and hope in man. We were made in the image of the Almighty Deity, who breathed into us the breath of life by breathing into our father, Adam, the breath of life. I see the purpose of work in fulfilling our role in subduing the world. I see the potential he gave to man, giving him the ability to communicate, and also the ability to name so many kinds of animals (what mental prowess). This so-called civilized and modern world, I would question the notion that Adam was primitive and we are "civilized". I see the wonders of marriage and the union it should bring to a male and a female.
But I also see the futility in man. I see his gullibility in hearing another creature's word rather than the word of the Almighty. I see his propensity to "pass the buck" and blame others for his own failings. I see the reason for his curse and the sorrow we all see because of his choice. I see his immaturity from then to now.
The best thing I see is Yahweh. What a wonderful Creator! He made such a wonderful creation, crafted for excellence (how it frustrates me when some people say we came into being just by chance and purely natural processes!). He catered for all his needs, gave him a purpose and a work, even in such a wonderful garden. He is a genius to the infinite degree in his workings. His justice and mercy shine in this story just like in every other part of his wonderful book. His love is truly amazing. I could praise the Supreme Being for these chapters alone, but I would miss so much more in the chapters and books that follow.
I hope that you've gained something in what you've read. Even if you disagree with me in parts, I hope that you will be challenged to take another look at the creation story, at the story of our parents, and get some lessons from it that will change and direct your life for the better.
Yah bless.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.